ANSWERS
The grid is the underlying structure on which the information is presented and positioned.
Designers use a grid in order to make a layout more manageable. With the guidance of the grid, one has the ability to express the necessary information in a logical, navigational manner. Essential to a layout, the grid is a structure made of vertical/ horizontal lines, which provide a framework to place text, images and space accordingly.
With a modular grid, the designer breaks down the space into smaller portions that can be independently created and provide different systems for different functionalities within one area.
Margins are the areas not accommodated by text, usually on the outer edges of a page. Modules form columns. The columns maintain consistent line length across the page. Narrow columns give the designer more flexibility and an odd number of columns are more versatile, especially when dealing with secondary information. Grid modules are areas calculated in depth by the text leading and width by the text line length. Flowlines are the vertical lines of the modules. There are horizontal and vertical gutters. These are the inner margins of the page that separate modules from one another.
Hierarchy helps readers comprehend the text and understand how all the information fits together. It breaks up the important information using different types, sizes, and styles in the headings and subheadings etc..
Typographic color deals with the overall tone of letterforms or a block of text on a page. Designers must make sure they have enough contrast between the background and text so the two do not blur together. Color can also be used for emphasis or to organize different sets of information.
Getting it Right with Type suggests clear hierarchy develops from the division of sections. Chapters, headings, and subheadings categorize the importance for a reader. However, there should be no more than four hierarchal levels as too many headings can create confusion. Text helps as well depending on size and weight.
White space is any area of a spread or layout that is left blank/ unoccupied. The white space must be carefully placed in order to avoid interrupting the reader. It also provides variety by breaking up any monotonous pace.
Contrast enhances the brightness or clarity of a design through the juxtaposition of different colors or textures. This places higher attention to desired areas with the degree of difference between tones.